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ABCNEWS.com: New Ways to Can Spam E-mail
New spam filter uses peer-to-peer networking tricks.
Ananova: Study charts rising spam problem
Research suggests one in fourteen emails received in the UK so far this year has been spam.
andersja: Spam, Hype and SpamAssassin
An article about hyped mail-filtering products versus freely available SpamAssassin.
atnewyork.com: Spam Expected to Outnumber Non-Spam
More than 30 percent of all e-mail is unsolicited and MessageLabs predicts that spam will continue its exponential growth into 2003, surpassing the amount of non-spam e-mail by around July.
BBC News: Getting Tough On Spam
Unsolicited e-mail is becoming a problem for users and internet service providers.
BBC News: Hotmail puts squeeze on spam
Microsoft is taking action to cut down on the amount of spam reaching anyone with a Hotmail e-mail address.
BBC News: New York takes on 'spam' e-mai
Fresh from his victory over Merrill Lynch, state attorney general Elliot Spitzer sues MonsterHut.com for sending millions of 'spam' e-mail adverts.
BBC News: Nigeria grapples with e-mail scams
The Nigerian authorities declare war on the growing of number of fraudsters who use cyber cafes to send out phoney e-mails.
BBC News: The web bites back
Protesters are turning the tables on government officials and businessmen who they say are making the web less pleasant to use.
BBC News: US workers spared junk e-mails
Spam is not overwhelming the inboxes of US workers, despite the growing number of junk e-mails promoting get-rich-quick scams or pornographic websites, says a report.
BBC News: Using the net to catch junk mail
A Napster-like network might be able to stem the tide of spam mail messages flooding the internet.
BBC News: Why one spam could cost $50
A US law firm has become the hero of the common people for its decision to take on the spam merchants who wage guerrilla warfare on our e-mail inboxes, offering everything from sex to cars and easy money to psychic readings.
BBC: E-mail makes surfers emotional
According to US-based net think-tank the Nielsen Norman Group, people can have highly emotional reactions to e-mail newsletters.
BBC: Spam poses threat to privacy
Workplace privacy will be casualty in war on spam.
CBC News: Anti-spam laws needed in Canada: telem
The head of the Canadian Marketing Association (CMA) is calling for legislation to protect consumers from unsolicited e-mail, or "spam."
Chicago Tribune: Resume vaults local techie into s
Think twice before sending a tartly worded e-mail or prepare for a battle of near-biblical proportions like the one being waged on Chicago computer consultant Bernard Shifman. [Requires free chicagotribune.com registration to view.]
Christian Science Monitor: 'White lists'
Americans are discovering that the broad effort to fight spam can backfire.
Christian Science Monitor: War on e-mail spam ratc
A lawsuit against spam on the Internet is part of a larger effort to control the proliferation of unsolicited e-mail.
CNET.com: Anti-spam Group Bocks Yahoo Stores
An anti-spam group has put Yahoo's storefronts on its list of suspected junk e-mailers, snarling attempts by some customers to access the storefronts.
CNET.com: Anti-spam service battles bugs
A new anti-spam service launched with much fanfare this week is facing some technical hurdles out of the gate and frustration from the community it relies on to fight junk mail.
CNET.com: AOL awarded millions in spam case
A Virginia federal court awarded America Online nearly $7 million in damages as part of the Internet service providers' legal victory over a junk e-mail operation, AOL said Monday.
CNET.com: Congress, critics wrinkle noses at spam
Spam may be an unwanted staple in your in-box, but don't expect lawmakers to serve up new regulations anytime soon.
CNET.com: Consumer groups fight spam epidemic
A coalition of consumer groups plans to ask the federal government to rescue people from the deluge of unwanted commercial mail that clogs their inboxes and sucks up their time.
CNET.com: EU body pushes spam guidelines
The European Parliament has signed off on sweeping guidelines for Internet regulation, including prohibiting spam and the use of cookies without the explicit permission from Web surfers.
CNET.com: Free speech or campaign spam?
California gubernatorial candidate Bill Jones is back online after his Web-hosting service shut down his campaign Internet site in protest over a mass e-mail that some outraged recipients compared to spam.
CNET.com: Groups seek federal action on spam
Spam has become such a menace to the Internet that the Federal Trade Commission should take swift steps to stanch the flow of bulk e-mail, three consumer groups said Wednesday.
CNET.com: If it's spam, the message is "
When Emily Sachar got back from vacation recently, she had an e-mail inbox full of hundreds of messages. Unfortunately, most of them were spam.
CNET.com: Is your e-mail watching you?
Watch out--the spam choking your e-mail in-box may be loaded with software that lets marketers track your moves online, and you may not even be aware that you've been bugged.
CNET.com: Marketing group scrapes off spam label
The Direct Marketing Association has created mandatory ground rules for members sending sales pitches via e-mail, a move designed to help avoid a government crackdown on commercial messages.
CNET.com: Public access to FTC hurt by spam lists
When Josh Tinnin tried to send e-mail to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission this month, he received an unwelcome surprise: He couldn't.
CNET.com: Spam filter a career killer?
A meeting reminder from the boss, a lascivious letter from a lover, or the daily tally from a fantasy football league: Which e-mail would you read first?
CNET.com: Spam suit rings on Sprint
Sprint Communications is facing a lawsuit in Utah alleging that it sent unsolicited commercial messages, or spam, in violation of a recently enacted state statute.
CNET.com: Start-up wants your help to fight spam
Ordinary Web surfers could play a major role in stemming the rising tide of junk e-mail crippling the Net, if a new anti-spam company hits its mark.
CNET.com: Surviving in spam's shadow
For Janine Popick, spam is a four-letter word.
CNET.com: Yahoo users fume over "spam" s
Some Yahoo members on Friday reacted angrily to changes in the Web portal's e-mail marketing practices, comparing the company's revised policy to an open invitation to spam.
CNET.com: You've got spam, and more spam
Corporate networks are becoming increasingly clogged by e-mail pitches for pornography, money-making schemes and health products, and there's little relief on the horizon.
CNET: Fat times for spam
In September, more than 17 percent of all e-mail traveling across the Internet could be classified as spam, according to data collected by UK e-mail service provider MessageLabs. The company's figures are presented in its latest monthly report.
CNET: Spam doesn't kill appetite for e-mail
Spam hasn't killed enthusiasm for e-mail among U.S. workers, according to a new study on e-mail use in the workplace.
CNET: Spam: It's more than bulk e-mail
Consumers are increasingly applying the stigma of spam to marketing messages of all stripes, causing headaches for legitimate advertisers on the Web and beyond.
CNET: Spammers slipping ads through Windows
Spammers have co-opted an administration feature in Microsoft's Windows operating systems and are using it to bring up intrusive advertisements on Internet-connected computers.
Computerworld: Search goes on for ways to stop spa
At a Global Internet Project conference today, IT and government officials looked at ways to counter the spreading nuisance of unwanted e-mail.
Computerworld: Spam Wars
In the past year, spam has moved beyond personal e-mail accounts, invading business systems and graduating from societal pest to corporate enemy.
Computerworld: Spam: Arriving en masse to an e-mai
Shifting from daily nuisance to serious IT and business concern, uncontrolled spam is prompting customers to arm themselves with tools to fight back against productivity loss, potential liability and bandwidth-clogging consequences that unsolicited commercial e-mail can bring to an enterprise.
Computerworld: Study: Amount of spam, virus-infect
A new report analyzing e-mail messages sent last month found that the problem of viruses and unsolicited e-mail continued to grow, hitting manufacturing, banking and finance, and health care particularly hard.
Computerworld: Verizon settles lawsuit against spa
The owner of a Detroit-based commercial e-mail company has agreed to a permanent injunction barring him from sending spam to customers of Verizon Online, a unit of Verizon Communications.
ctnow.com: Spam King Living High In The Bayou
Lunchtime finds the 29-year-old Scelson sitting cross-legged on the floor of his storefront TV repair shop while he munches on a takeout meal of boiled crawfish and spiced shrimp.
Detroit Free Press: Behind the scenes, spam's
Bloomfield Township spam artist Alan Ralsky is in the midst of yet another controversy, this time involving an anti-spam activist who says someone left him threatening telephone messages after he took photos of Ralsky's brand-new $740,000 house.
Detroit Free Press: Internet spammer can't ta
West Bloomfield bulk e-mailer Alan Ralsky, who just may be the world's biggest sender of Internet spam, is getting a taste of his own medicine.
donga.com: 4 Million Won Penalty to 5 Companies Di
5 companies including adult broadcasting companies and shopping malls that have sent `Spam mails` ignoring the rejection of the receivers were imposed to correctional fines.
donga.com: Compulsory Notice of `Adult Advertiseme
The advertising mails containing bad things for juveniles like sexual and violent contents should attach the notice of `Ads for Adults` to the title from July.
donga.com: Spam Mail with False Title to be Punish
The person who sends e-mails without an indication of advertisement or containing false exaggerated ads will be punished of suspension of business license or criminal punishment from May.
E-Commerce News: FTC Shuts Down 9-11 Spam Scam
The U.S. District Court ordered the immediate shutdown of a Web site owned by a European spam outfit for bilking more than $1 million from customers, Federal Trade Commission officials announced Monday.
globetechnology.com: Spam slammed in survey
People who get hysterical over the spam they find in their inboxes have good reason to be upset, Symantec Corp. says.
Houston Chronicle: Europe outlaws spam, but it kee
Like most people, Massimo Cavazzini was sick of spam. Unlike most, though, the Italian entrepreneur had the law on his side.
Houston Chronicle: Legislating against spam proves
The European Union has a law banning unsolicited junk e-mail. Japan has one restricting pitches sent to wireless devices. And the United States?
Houston Chronicle: Spammed! Part II: Despite vigil
More than pop-up ads or in-your-face Web graphics, a withering assault of junk e-mail is souring the Internet experience. This is the second story of a three-part series that examines the surge in spam, the people behind it and the struggle to thwart them.
HoustonChronicle.com - Spam, spam, spam: Hard to e
Three-part article about the problem, the spammers, and some solutions.
IDGNet New Zealand: ING reaches out from beyond th
Internet Name Group, the Melbourne-based domain name registrar that was placed in "voluntary administration", has reached out from beyond the grave to hassle more New Zealand name holders.
Instant Messaging Planet: Mobile Spam Banned in Ca
Governor Gray Davis signs a bill that will prohibit the sending of spam to mobile phones and pagers starting next year.
Internetnews: FTC Plans Crackdown on 9-11 Spam
Spam is one of the Internet's dirty little secrets, and it's bad enough when your mom gets targeted with porn stuff and get-rich quick schemes. But the people who prey on the public selling worthless products related to the events of Sept. 11 are among the lowest of the low.
Internetnews: FTC to Pursue Deceptive E-mail Adver
The Federal Trade Commission is planning to announce a series of actions against suspected spammers in coming weeks.
Internetnews: It's All Perfectly Illegal
The seven werpetrators agreed to settle charges that they were spamming consumers with deceptive chain letters. Financial terms of the settlements were not disclosed.
Mercury News: E-mail Users Plagued by a Rising Tid
Susan Guberman-Garcia dreads retrieving her e-mail. Every day, she wades through unsolicited messages pitching online gambling, get-rich schemes and sex sites.
Mercury News: Good laws would limit junk, yet prot
Spam, the junk e-mails pitching herbal Viagra, mortgage re-financing, pornography and countless other products and services, is flooding the mailboxes of millions of Internet users. Studies suggest the volume of spam has grown fivefold in the last year alone. Spam is more than an annoyance; it costs millions to users, businesses and Internet service providers. Unless stopped, the utility of e-mail itself could be threatened.
Mercury News: The ethics of spam: `There's lo
A profilic spammer tells why he does it.
Mercury News: Weak anti-spam laws make fighting ba
Everyone says they're getting more spam. But weak anti-spam laws and determined e-mailers make it hard to fight back on legal grounds.
MSNBC.com: Get rich quick? Not so fast
My, 1,189 unread messages in my Inbox. It's time to answer our e- mail. (2002.09.04)
MSNBC: Spam crackdown urged
Three consumer groups petitioned the Federal Trade Commission Wednesday to enact tougher rules regarding the sending of unsolicited commercial e-mail, popularly known as spam. If the rule is enacted, the FTC could move swiftly to blunt the unrelenting assault that spam e-mails impose on the time and pocketbooks of consumers, the groups said.
MSNBC: Yahoo! sneaks in yet more spam
When Yahoo's instituted a privacy policy change this week, the firm reset all users' preferences so they would receive marketing pitches from the firm.
New Architect: A Tidal Wave Of Spam
Editorial. One man decides to give up on spam filtering.
New Architect:: Blind Vigilantes
Blackhole lists offer dark prospects.
Newsbytes: Anti-Spam Advocate Wins Big In Small-Cl
A small-claims court in Washington state has ordered three direct marketers to pay $1,000 apiece for violating the state?s laws against unsolicited junk e-mail, or "spam."
Newsbytes: AOL Says Spam Case Victory Sets 'L
Officials at America Online believe the Internet giant's legal victory over a large "spam" distributor lays the groundwork for other Internet providers to more effectively combat unsolicited e-mail on their own networks, an AOL spokesman said Wednesday.
Newsbytes: California Law Firm Tests State Spam La
California's largest law firm is suing e-mail marketer Etracks.com in a case experts say could test the limits of the state's laws designed to curb junk e-mail.
Newsbytes: Chain-Letter Busts Kick Off FTC Crackdo
The Federal Trade Commission today launched an unprecedented crackdown against deceptive junk e-mail - or "spam.? The nascent campaign seeks to marry individual enforcement actions against spammers with a consumer outreach and education program involving several regional Internet service provider (ISP) associations.
Newsbytes: DMA To Adopt New Rules On 'Spam,&a
The Direct Marketing Association next week is expected to announce sweeping changes to its policy on unsolicited bulk e-mail ? or "spam," which would require the expulsion of member companies that do not adhere to the group?s new standards.
Newsfactor: Fighting Spam: Legislation Won't
Passing anti-spam legislation, while perhaps well intended, is like passing a law against rain. Words on paper won't stop it.
Newsfactor: How To Shut Down Spam
Don't ever click on a remove link to remove your e-mail address from a list.
NewsFactor: Spam Versus Technology: The Battle Rag
One difficulty in stopping spammers is that some of their ploys work. If no one believed the story of the deposed, rich prince and others like it, much spam would cease.
Newsfactor: The Unstoppable Flood of Spam
After remaining neutral for some time, the Direct Marketing Association announced last week that it will support U.S. state and federal legislation aimed at curtailing spam.
NPR - All Things Considered - Spam
A radio segment on "spam" with Jason Catlett, head of Junkbusters Corporation, which is a privacy advocacy firm. He talks about how spam works, how it makes its way around the world and why it's successful. Then a talk with Alan Ralsky, director of Creative Marketing Zone.
PCWorld.com: Spammers Claim Rights, Too
Opt-In Marketing Services challenges antispam efforts, organizations in court.
PCWorld.com: Verio Tries to Get Monkeys.com Off It
Web-hosting company won its battle against an antispam activist, but the war is far from over.
San Francisco Chronicle: Court upholds anti-spam l
In a victory to thrill anyone annoyed by the "spam" that clogs e-mail accounts, an appellate court has upheld the constitutionality of California's tough 1998 law regulating unwanted commercial messages.
San Francisco Chronicle: Spam going mobile
Fight is on to keep unwanted text ads off cell phones.
San Francisco Chronicle: Spam stampede clogs Inter
Amid all the unwanted e-mail pitches for Viagra, porn and Nigerian get- rich schemes comes this message from computer experts: You ain't seen nothing yet.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Deceptive chain e-mail
FTC goes after spam purveyors who peddle dubious schemes.
seattlep-i.com: 'Spam' bill would requir
Unsolicited e-mail, also known as "spam," would become a thing of the past under a bill introduced by Sen. Bill Finkbeiner, R-Kirkland.
SF Gate: Spam attacks growing
According to the latest monthly data from Brightmail the rate of unique spam attacks measured by the company's network of decoy addresses has increased more than five-fold during the past year -- from less than a million in June 2001 to more than 4.8 million last month.
SF Gate: Spam indigestion worsens
So I get back after taking a week off and find my office e-mail basket spilling over with more than 700 messages. Several dozen were legitimate missives from readers and whatnot, and the rest . . . well, you know where I'm going with this.
Slashdot: As the Spam Turns
The SBL has added Verio's corporate mail servers to its blocklist which protects nearly 100 million mailboxes, because of the number of spam gangs on the Verio network. Verio also provides connectivity to AS26212, a collection of 9 of the most notorious spammers netblocks. AS26212 is also connected to he.net and bbnplanet.net.
Slashdot: Australian Spammer Sues Back
We've all heard the one about the spammers begin sued. Now, an Ausie spammer is suing back, for being blacklisted. Claiming damages and equipment replacement costs and so on. The whole article is over at Yahoo. So, I guess now, not only are we subjected to the spam, but we can't block it either?
smh.com.au: Sun goes down on man of words
Green describes these electronic messages as "a little ray of sunshine". It irritates him that some of the recipients can't see the light. They regard Green's sunshine as spam, get mad as hell, and send him responses that are "threatening, abusive, filthy-minded, arrogant, quite offensive, and when you consider what I've sent out is philosophical, enlightening and positive, I guess they are not ready for it".
Telepolis: European Parliament to come to crucial
"Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs" asks European Parliament to force the floodgates wide open for spam.
The Age: E-mail users want spam off the menu
Spam, spam, spam, spam! In Monty Python's day, it was comical, but today the unavoidable excess of spam has gone way beyond a joke.
The Age: Spam, the plague giving the Net indigesti
If you already get too much junk e-mail, you'll get twice as much by New Year - and at the moment there is little anyone can do to stop it. No wonder consumers rate it their worst computer problem.
The Age: The dangers of spam SMS
You can get paid to receive ads on your mobile, but it might burst the spam dam, writes Nicole Manktelow.
The Age: The Plague
On Monday the battle raging in cyberspace between spammers and their nemesis, junk mail activists, will be fought out in a courtroom, where a landmark judgement is expected to influence the future of direct marketing over the Internet.
The Detroit News: Spam king, Verizon settle lawsui
W. Bloomfield man's deal with Internet service limits his reach, but he vows to stay in business.
The Industry Standard: AOL says lawsuit closes a s
The settlement that America Online extracted from a pair of Florida men last week may have closed a loophole used by spammers to flood e-mail in-boxes with junk mail.
The Miami Herald: Spamming for a living
She moved her cursor to the "send" icon and clicked. "It's that simple," Laura Betterly said triumphantly, swiping her palms. She had just dispatched e-mail messages to 500,000 strangers.
The Register: Anti-spam filters kill legitimate em
Heavy-handed anti-spam filtering can frequently lead to the loss of legitimate emails.
The Register: AOL wins $7m in porn spam case
AOL has won $7m in damages after it claimed its punters had been bombarded with porn spam.
The Register: Hotmail, Yahoo! erect roadblocks for
Spam fighters have come up with an idea to frustrate the automatic creation of email accounts often used to send spam.
The Register: Where the heck is all this spam comi
The growth of the spam problem in 2002 has been exponential, writes Kevin Murphy . Companies that sell spam filtering software say currently the percentage of email that is spam could be 20%, 33%, or even up to 50%, compared to less than 10% a year ago.
The Sacramento Bee: 'Spam' scam crackdow
A chain-letter scheme is halted but few see a drop in the onslaught of electronic junk mail.
USA Today: E-mail avalanche even buries CEOs Take
In the three seconds it takes to read this sentence, more than a half-million e-mails will land in in-boxes. By 2005, nearly that many will land each second. The e-mail avalanche knows no rank.
VirtualSprockets : Statement on the Recent Bill Jo
A statement concerning one of their clients, the Bill Jones for Governor campaign, and their disregard for normal rules of conduct on the Internet by spamming through a Korean open relay server.
Washington Post: 'Résumé Spamming' Bring
Already frustrated by unwanted sales pitches and suggestive come-ons, e-mail users now face another onslaught, this time from desperate job seekers.
Washington Post: E-Mail Opens New Door For Familia
The get-rich-quick con, dubbed the "Nigerian Letter Scam" by authorities, was operated out of Toronto and Nigeria from 1994 to 2000 and swindled more than 300 people, including about 20 in the Washington area, out of approximately $20 million, according to law enforcement officials.
Washington Post: Making Spam Go Splat
Sick of Unsolicited E-Mail, Businesses Are Fighting Back.
Washington Post: Powered by . . . Spam?
How mass e-mail ads fueled a holiday gift craze.
Wired: Amy Grant Spams a Sour Note
Jesus preached the gospel of turning the other cheek, but what would he have said about spam?
Wired: Archive: Fresh Spam for Everyone
Is your spouse dissatisfied with the size of your spam? A brand-new website has made several hundred thousand pieces of unsolicited commercial e-mail available for you to download today.
Wired: Candidate: Spam in Every Pot
A supposedly Internet-savvy Republican candidate for governor of California, one of the few states with an anti-spam law, isn't campaigning against unsolicited e-mail -- he's sending it. Bill Jones' campaign sent out thousands of unsolicited e-mails this week, urging California voters to vote for Jones next Tuesday. According to posts in newsgroups and discussion lists, Jones has spammed twice before, once in December and once in January.
Wired: China Sweet, Sour on Spam
Delegates at the annual meeting of China's National People's Congress roundly criticized Western systems administrators that are blocking all e-mail from China as a means to stop spam, but they also called for new laws to make sending spam illegal in China.
Wired: E-Marketers Rue Address Turnover
Thirty-one percent of Americans change e-mail addresses each year, in part to evade spammers, according to a new study.
Wired: FTC: Where Spam Goes to Die
The FTC now has the most complete spam database in the world, a collection of over 20 million missives containing the solutions to all human wants and woes.
Wired: Liverpool: I Wanna Hold Your Spam
A woman in a major British media company recently contacted the company's entire, 30,000-strong staff with an urgent query: "Has anyone got any blu-tack?"
Wired: No Easy Money Suing Spammers
When Ken Pugh sued the Elizabeth Dole for Senate campaign last month for sending him spam, it wasn't money that motivated him.
Wired: Not All Asian E-Mail Is Spam
A new great wall is being built, this time across the Internet. Constructed by frustrated systems administrators and intended only to stop spam, the wall could eventually cut off much of the e-mail communications between the East and the West.
Wired: Spam Masquerades as Admin Alerts
A new breed of pop-up ads is appearing on Microsoft Windows users' computers. The so-called "Messenger spams" have security experts and system administrators scratching their heads and recipients fuming.
Wired: Spam Showdown at Battle Creek
The small city of Battle Creek, Michigan, wants to lock up an anti-spam activist who it believes crashed its mail server. Never mind that the town government was using a buggy version of the Lotus Domino e-mail server, and that newer releases have fixed the problem. And never mind that anti-spammers may have been conducting a routine scan for possible sources of bulk e-mail.
Wired: Sprint Calls Audible in Spam Suit
A lawsuit charging Sprint with sending illegal, unsolicited e-mail appears to be turning into a test case for how much evidence a company can recover when defending against allegations of wrongful spamming.
Wired: The Law Is Going After Spam
Spam and Internet fraud -- the twin plagues of the information age -- are getting stepped-up attention from federal and state agencies that say more joint effort from law enforcement groups is needed to curb the scourge that is online swindling.
Wired: The New Frontier of Mobilespam
As if you weren't getting enough spam in your inbox -- now, companies are slowly starting to send unsolicited text-message ads to your cell phone, too.
Wired: When the Spam Hits the Blogs
Strange things are afoot in blogland. Owners of weblogs have recently noticed that their referral logs have become the newest target for spam.
ZDNet Australia: Aussie spammer sues anti-spammer
An alleged Australian spammer is suing an anti-spam advocate after being blacklisted by a spam prevention Web site, in what is believed to be a first of its kind case worldwide and one that could end up "bigger than Ben Hur", according to a source close to the proceedings.
ZDNet Australia: Govt struggling with spam: Alston
The federal government has issued its strongest indication yet it is unlikely to undertake decisive measures to combat the welter of spam plaguing Australia's e-mail inboxes.
ZDNet Australia: Spam headaches bring more pain
In the days before Christmas the amount of spam e-mail being sent and received looks set to soar as marketing machines and e-greetings firms go into seasonal overdrive.
ZDNet News: Spam--it's worse than ever
Do you need a penis enlargement? How about a cool million bucks, courtesy of a too-good-to-be true deal with the son of one of Nigeria's most powerful families? Anyone with an e-mail account has doubtless received sundry similar pitches. Ranging from the simply annoying to the truly bizarre, spam was bad enough a year ago; it's that much worse today.
ZDnet: Spam hits 36 percent of e-mail traffic
Corporate networks are becoming increasingly clogged by e-mail pitches for pornography, money-making schemes and health products, and there's little relief on the horizon.